The community remains online and available for drug sellers 24/7 despite repeated DDoS attacks. Many Hydra vendors have also migrated to RuTor, particularly in the immediate aftermath of the forum’s seizure. Take for example, drug seller ‘Candy Shop’ and money laundering service provider ‘bitcoin bank’. Additionally, we analyse the U2U network of transactions, i.e., the transactions between pairs of market first-neighbors where the source and destination nodes are market users without the market as an intermediate. In the U2U network, an edge connects nodes that are not necessarily users of the same market. Previous studies have shown that, although the number of users and transactions is larger in markets, the trading volume in the U2U network is larger than that of markets13.
Dark Web Marketplaces
- The digital drug bazaar had evolved into one of the dark web’s most prominent hubs, boasting over 612,000 users and generating more than €250 million (nearly \$289 million) in illegal cryptocurrency transactions.
- Ross Ulbricht, the creator and operator of the now-shuttered Silk Road darknet drug marketplace, was found guilty of the same crime and sentenced to life in prison.
- The drug cartels then created fentanyl products and shipped them into the U.S.
- Additionally, transactions are made with cryptocurrencies, mostly Bitcoin, which also provide anonymity to the transaction parties6,36.
This result is not trivial because, although the classification induces a positive net income for sellers, it is performed on each market and the U2U network separately, while the median net income is computed based on all transactions made by an entity. In fact, when we compute the total net income for each seller, a considerable fraction (16%) has a negative net income because they spend in markets where they are not classified as sellers, or in the U2U network. Moreover, we find a change of trend between the seller and the buyer median net income time series which reflects the dominance of markets, as detailed in the next section. This shift poses unique challenges for law enforcement, who must adapt traditional monitoring methods. The fragmentation of darknet markets means that law enforcement agencies can no longer focus their efforts on a few large, easily identifiable targets.
Financial Markets, Financial Institutions, And Fiscal Service

On March 20, 2024, U.S., German, and Lithuanian law enforcement agencies seized Nemesis’ servers in a joint operation. Since the takedown of Nemesis, Parsarad has discussed setting up a new darknet marketplace to take the place of Nemesis with vendors that were once active on the marketplace. Nemesis Market is a relatively new wallet-less shop on the dark web where you don’t need to deposit any amount in your wallet before buying products from here. The platform allows buyers to review the vendor’s products and services, so it’s easy for them to decide if the vendor is reputable or just scamming them. You can see all the product categories the marketplace deals with on the homepage.

Empire Market
Beyond drugs, there are now ever-growing examples of generative AI being used for sexual deepfakes across schools and even of public figures, including the recent case of NRL presenter Tiffany Salmond. In fact, it is routine for individuals participating in these dark web communities, par for the course of engaging in the markets. Usually these products are sent to the buyer by post and money transferred to the seller through the escrow system. While market dynamics may have shifted since, the cited data illustrates how cartels had previously exploited crypto ecosystems. According to a 2024 report citing unsealed court documents, USDT was widely available in Mexico at a discount, allowing resellers to profit in countries like Colombia. TRM Labs reported that TRON accounted for 58% of illicit crypto activity in 2024, followed by Ethereum at 24% and Bitcoin at 12%.
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Expect another wave of takedowns targeting emerging platforms in the next 12 to 18 months. The success of this mission draws heavily on data harvested from the takedowns of prior darknet markets. By preserving and cross-referencing seized data — such as user account details, blockchain forensics, and communications — law enforcement can map wider networks and plan future stings with precision. Archetyp Market quietly emerged on the dark web in May 2020 and quickly became a dominant force in illegal narcotics distribution.
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Nemesis was established in 2021 and operated as a criminal marketplace on the darknet, an encrypted network within the Internet that can only be accessed with special anonymity-enhancing browsers. Drug traffickers active on Nemesis sold fentanyl around the world, both on its own and surreptitiously laced into other drugs. The Silk Road was a famous dark web marketplace where users could buy and sell goods and services anonymously.
Vice City Market
To learn more about threats involving cryptocurrency, visit the Secret Service’s website. “When I founded the company, I’m like, ‘I don’t want to build something dirty,’ ” he says. … I think it could solve the payment system clunkiness and issues around the world. Another reason the legislation didn’t pass was that lawmakers thought the federal government should take the lead in regulating cryptocurrency, Cunningham says.

In panels (d, e), we show the median net income in USD of all sellers and buyers per quarter, respectively. In panels (f, g), we show the PDF of the total money received by each seller and the total money sent by each buyer, respectively. Based on TRM Labs, a number of reasons have made Russian-language platforms successful. The report identifies the lower threat of action from Russian law enforcement as one of the most important factors enabling these marketplaces to be run with a degree of autonomy. This lower legal pressure has enabled the ecosystem to expand primarily with just four Russian-language darknet marketplaces going offline from about 20 active platforms in 2024. Department of Justice agencies, including the FBI and Drug Enforcement Agency, to take down the dark net drug marketplace Hydra.
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The rules of Solaris have also been updated with a statement where Administrators added a new point 1.7 stating the same. Also identified were several notable sellers who migrated to Kraken from the now closed Hydra marketplace. Around November 2022 the Administrator of WayWay started a new thread about the planned launch for a new marketplace called Kraken. Notably, the Administrator of WayWay has exactly the same alias (aka “Kraken”) who described the news of decentralized infrastructure having multiple data centers and nodes for the new project. Kraken, a WayAway partner and exclusive drug market, has been hyped as the successor to Hydra since May 2022.
Silk Road not only aggregated thousands of drug vendors, it created a user-friendly interface that resembled a clear-net shopping website. Ulbricht was eventually arrested by US law enforcement and Silk Road was seized and taken offline. Individuals began using the darknet to pseudonymously sell illegal content without face-to-face interaction.
Bitcoin, the most valuable and well-known crypto asset, got widespread attention more than a decade ago as a tool to buy drugs on so-called darknet websites like Silk Road, which was shut down when its owner was arrested by the FBI in 2013. Murarka’s courier inside the US was flipped into a confidential informant, revealing critical operational details. The laundering operation relied on a layered tradecraft system for in-person cash pickups. Murarka, operating under the Telegram handle “nomorehardwork,” required couriers to send him photos of specific dollar bills. Those serial numbers were then forwarded to buyers, who verified the exchange using the same bills—creating a three-point authentication system across WhatsApp and Telegram, without ever meeting face-to-face. Just this week, Telegram shut down Haowang Guarantee, a sprawling black market linked to over $27 billion in illicit transactions across Asia’s cyber scam economy.
The results of that investigation were published in a report called Technical analysis of the Genesis Market. Though Genesis Market domains and servers were seized and antivirus programs have been updated, cybercriminals have already rebuilt illicit services like these. Mega Darknet Market is the dominant drug supply source for drug vendors on other darknet sites, holding a 63.4% share of that market.